The kings of the First Dynasty of Egypt (c. 3150 - c. 2890 BCE) all worked toward the same ends: increasing trade, expansion of the kingdom through military campaigns, engaging in building projects (such as monuments, tombs and temples), and securing central rule of the country. They ruled from the city of Thinis, near Abydos, and from Memphis. The first king, according to Manetho's chronology, was Menes who has come to be identified with the pharaohonce thought to be his successor, Narmer. Narmer united the regions of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt under central rule initially at Thinis before then building a palace at Memphis and shifting the seat of government to that city. Historian Margaret Bunson writes:
Dynasties I and II
The Unification of Egypt
Protodynastic Era
Much of what happened during the earlier periods of Egyptian history is speculative. It seems that the southern king Narmer(perhaps Aha or the legendary Menes) won a victory over a northern king which has been immortalized by the Narmer Palette. What may have been another southern victory over the inhabitants of the Delta is depicted on the Bull Palette1st Dynasty (3100-2890 BCE)
According to Herodotus Upper and Lower Egypt were united by Menes (who may be representing a number of kings involved in the process of unification), the founding king of the first dynasty who, according to Manetho, came from the Thinite province in Upper Egypt. Whether unification was achieved by military or peaceful means is uncertain.According to tradition, Menes founded Memphis on an island in the Nile, conducted raids against the Nubians and extended his power as far as the first cataract. He sent ambassadors to Canaan and Byblos in Phoenicia to establish peaceful commercial trade links. He founded the city of Crocodilopolis and built the first temple to the god Ptah.
Legend has it, that he died at the age of sixty three, killed by wild dogs and crocodiles near Fayum. According to Manetho he was killed by a hippopotamus after a 62 year reign. His was buried at Saqqara, the necropolis of Memphis. His wife Neithotep became regent until their child, Djer, was old enough to reign.
Herodotus on Menes
Djer, married to Herneith, ruled from Memphis during fifty years, building palaces and conducting military expeditions against Asiatics in the Sinai desert. An inscription with his name south of the first cataract points to the extent of the realm.
Of Djet (Wadj), who succeeded him little is known. His limestone stela was found near Abydos where he was buried.
Queen Merenith ruled Egypt as regent when Den became king as a child. There are, however, many scholars who think that Merenith was a ruler in her own right. Stone vessels and sealings bearing her name were found at Saqqara, as was a stela with her name written in an archaic form with crossed arrows signifying the name of Neith. Merenith has two burial sites, one at Abydos and one at Saqqara (Mastaba 3503). The Saqqara tomb contains some artifacts that show the the name of a high court official called Seshemka. The Abydos burial complex is amongst those of the kings of her dynasty.
During Den's fifty year reign he conducted military campaigns in the Sinai desert in order to gain control of the mineral deposits there. He was buried at Saqqara, even though he built his mortuary complex in Abydos. The cult of Apis was introduced during his reign.
Anendjib who was legitimized by his marriage to Betrest of the Memphite royal family, ruled for fourteen years from Memphis. His power over the south was challenged by local tribes and the northern nomes were often rebellious.
Semerkhet reigned for only nine years, and is thought by some to have been a usurper. According to Manetho disasters occurred during his reign. He may have caused the unrest during Anendjib's reign. He is responsible for erasing Anendjib's name from stone vases. A little black stela bearing his name is the only direct evidence found.
Qa'a is mentioned on jar sealings and two damaged stela. One one of these stela he is shown wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt and being embraced by the God Horus. According to Manetho he reigned for about 26 years. He was buried at Abydos in the tomb designated Tomb Q. A German archaeological expedition in 1993 re-excavated the tomb and discovered that several alterations had been made in the tomb.
Until the reign of Den Egypt seems to have enjoyed stability and prosperity. Order broke down during Anendjib's reign, when conflicting factions caused changes that would end this great dynasty. The practice of subsidiary burial where retainers were killed in order to serve the ruler in the afterlife ceased after the reign of Qa'a.
2nd Dynasty (2890-2686 BCE)
According to Manetho, this dynasty consisted of nine kings of Thinis. The royal names Manetho gives bear little resemblance to those found in contemporary inscriptions. These rulers were buried at Saqqara or Abydos.Hotepsekhemwy has been identified only by some sealings discovered at Saqqara near the Pyramid of Unas. He may have been given his name which translates as Pleasing in Powers for having ended the political strife that occurred during the 1st Dynasty. His rule spanned 35 years and may have been ended by a military coup organized by his brother.
Raneb followed Hotepsekhemwy to the throne of Egypt, and is thought to have ruled for 39 years. Many sealings found at Saqqara and a stela located at Abydos bear his name. Raneb had, according to Manetho, initiated the worship of the sacred goat of Mendes.
Nynetjer ruled according to some accounts for 47 years. The Palermo Stone records a number of events that occurred between the 6th and 26th year of his reign. He had many festivals dedicated to various deities of Egypt. among them the Running of the Apis Bull. The wrecking of the city of Shem-Re is connected with his name [1].
Peribsen (Sekhemib) made sweeping political changes. The serekhs bearing the royal names are not surmounted by Horus anymore but by his religious rival, Seth, who became the primary royal patron deity. A stela bearing Peribsen's name found at Abydos illustrates this change in loyalties. He may have been a usurper or a member of a collateral branch of the ruling family. Peribsen was buried at Abydos.
When Khasekhemwy ascended the throne he had to put down a Northern rebellion. The rebels reached as far south as Nekheb and Nekhen, the ancient southern capital. His victory is described on two statues. Both portraits show the king with northerners cringing at his feet wearing the White Crown symbolizing the South. It is recorded that there were more than 47,000 casualties.
A statue of him, which resides in the Cairo Museum, is the first example of use of hard stone . He married Nemathap, a woman of royal Northern lineage. The marriage consolidated the kings rule in both regions. Nemathap is documented as being a "King Bearing Mother". She is also credited with being the ancestor of the 3rd Dynasty.
| Predynastic Period | c.3500-3100 BCE | ||
| Early Dynastic Period | c.3100-2686 BCE | ||
 | | 'Scorpion' Narmer | |
| 1st Dynasty | c.3100-2890 BCE | ||
| Menes (Hor-Aha) Djer Wadj (Djet) Den Anendjib Semerkhet Qa'a | |||
| 2nd Dynasty | c.2890-2686 BCE | ||
| Hotepsekhemwy Raneb Nynetjer Seth-Peribsen Khasekhemwy | |||
| Old Kingdom | c.2686-2181 BCE | ||
| 3rd Dynasty | c.2686-2613 BCE | ||
| Sanakhte (Nebka) (c.2688-2668) Djoser (Netjerikhet) (c.2668-2649) Sekhemkhet (Djoser Teti) (c.2649-2641) Khaba (c.2641-2637) Huni (c.2637-2613) | |||
| 4th Dynasty | c.2613-2494 BCE | ||
| Snofru (c.2613-2589) Khufu (Cheops) (c.2585-2566) Djedefre (c.2566-2558) Khafre (Rekhaf) (c.2558-2532) Menkaure (Mykerinos) (c.2532-2514) Shepseskaf (c.2514-2494) | |||
| 5th Dynasty | c.2494-2345 BCE | ||
| Userkaf (c.2494-2487) Sahure (c.2487-2475) Neferirkare Userkhau (c.2475-2455) Shepseskare (c.2455-2448) Raneferef (c.2448-2445) Niuserre (c.2445-2421) Menkauhor (c.2421-2413) Djedkare (c.2413-2381) Unas (Wenis) (c.2381-2345) | |||
| 6th Dynasty | c.2345-2181 BCE | ||
| Teti (c.2345-2313) Pepi I Meryre (c.2313-2279) Merenre (c.2279-2270) Pepi II Neferkare (c.2279-2181) | |||
| First Intermediate Period | c.2181-2040 BCE | ||
| 7/8th Dynasty | c.2181-2173 BCE | ||
| Wadjkare Qakare Iby | |||
| 9/10th Dynasty | c.2160-2040 BCE | ||
| Meryibre Kheti (Akhtoy) I Merykare Kanrferre Nebkaure Kheti (Akhtoy) II Wahkare Kheti (Akhtoy) III Merikare | |||
| 11th Dynasty | c.2133-1991 BCE | ||
| Intef I (Inyotef I) Sehertawy (c.2133-2123) Intef II (Inyotef II) Wahankh (c.2123-2074) Intef III (Inyotef III) Nakhtnebtepnefer (c.2074-2066) Mentuhotep I ? (c.2066-2040) | |||
| Middle Kingdom | c.2040-1786 BCE | ||
| 11th Dynasty | |||
| Mentuhotep II Nebhepetre (c.2040-2010) Mentuhotep III Sankhkare (c.2010-1998) Mentuhotep IV Nebtawyre (c.1998-1991) | |||
| 12th Dynasty | c.1991-1786 BCE | ||
| Amenemhet I Sehetepibre (c.1991-1962) Senusret I Kheperkare(c.1962-1917) Amenemhet II Nubkaure (c.1917-1882) Senusret II Khakhperre (c.1882-1878) Senusret III Khakaure (c.1878-1841) Amenemhet III Nimaatre (c.1841-1796) Amenemhet IV Maakherure (c.1796-1790) Queen Sobeknerfu Neferusobek (c.1790-1786) | |||
| Second Intermediate Period | c.1786-1567 BCE | ||
| 13th Dynasty (about 70 kings) | c.1786-1633 BCE | ||
| Wegaf Khawitawire (c.1783 - 1779) Amenemhet V Sekhemkare Harnedjheriotef Hetepibre Sobekhotep I Khaankhre (ca.1750) Hor Amenemhet VII Sedjefakare Sobekhotep II Sekhemre-Khutawy (ca.1745) Khendjer Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Khasekhemre (c.1723-1713) Sobekhotep IV Merihotepre Khaneferre (c.1713) Iaib (c.1713-1703) Ay Merneferre (c.1703-1680) Neferhotep II and eight more kings | |||
| 14th Dynasty | c.1786-1603 BCE | ||
| Nehesy | |||
| 15th Dynasty | c.1674-1567 BCE | ||
| Hyksos kings Semqen ? Aper-Anati ? Sakir-Har Khyan (Apachnan) Apepi I (Apophis) Apepi II (Khamudi?) (c.1542-1532) | |||
| 16th Dynasty | c.1684-1567 BCE | ||
| Hyksos kings ? ? | |||
| 17th Dynasty | c.1650-1567 | ||
| Sobekemsaf I Sekhemre Wadjkhau Sobekemsaf II Intef VII Tao I Seakhtenre Tao II Sekenenre Kamose Wadjkheperre | |||
| New Kingdom | c.1570-1070 BCE | ||
| 18th Dynasty | c.1570-1293 BCE | ||
Ahmose I Nebpehtyre (c.1570-1546) Amenhotep I Djeserkare (c.1546-1527) Thutmose I Akheperkare (c.1527-1515) Thutmose II Akheperenre (c.1515-1498) Queen Hatshepsut Maatkare (c.1498-1483) Thutmose III Menkhepere (c.1504-1450) Amenhotep II Akheperure (c.1450-1412) Thutmose IV Men-khepru-Re (1412-1402) Amenhotep III Nebmaatre (c.1402-1364) Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten Neferkheperure (c.1350-1334) Smenkhkare Ankhheperure (c.1334) Tutankhamen Nebkheperoure (c.1334-1325) Ay Kheperkheperure (c.1325-1321) Horemheb Djeserkheperure (c.1321-1293) | |||
| 19th Dynasty | c.1293-1185 BCE | ||
| Ramses I Menpehtyre (c.1293-1291) Seti I Merienptah Menmaatre (c.1291-1278) Ramses II Meriamen Usermaatre Setepenre (c.1279-1212) Merneptah Hetephermaat Baenre Meriamen (c.1212-1202) Amenmes Heqawaset Menmire Setepenre (c.1202-1199) Seti II Merenptah Userkheperure Setepenre (c.1199-1193) Merneptah Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre (c.1193-1187) Queen Twosret Setepenmut Sitre Meriamen (c.1187-1185) | |||
| 20th Dynasty | c.1185-1070 BCE | ||
| Sethnakhte Userkhaure Setepenre (c.1185-1182) Ramses III Usermaatre Meriamen (c.1182-1151) Ramses IV Usermaatre/Heqamaatre-Setepenamen (c.1151-1145) Ramses V Usermaatre Sekheperenre (c.1145-1141) Ramses VI Nebmaatre Meriamen (c.1141-1133) Ramses VII Usermaatre Setepenre Meriamen (c.1133-1128) Ramses VIII Usermaatre Akhenamen (c.1128-1126) Ramses IX Neferkare Setepenre (c.1126-1108) Ramses X Khepermaatre Setepenptah (c.1108-1098) Ramses XI Menmaatre Setepenptah (c.1098-1070) | |||
| Third Intermediate Period | c.1070-664 BCE | ||
| High Priests (Thebes) Contemporaries of the 21st dynasty at Tanis | |||
| Herihor Siamun Hemnetjertepyenamun (c.1080-1074) Piankh (c.1074-1070) Pinedjem I Meriamen Khakheperre Setepenamun (c.1070-1032) Masaherta (c.1054-1046) Djedkhonsefankh (c.1046-1045) Menkheperre (c.1045-992) Smendes II (c.992-990) Pinedjem II (c.990-969) Psusennes (c.969-959) | |||
| 21st Dynasty Tanite | c.1070-945 BCE | ||
| Nesbanebded Hedjkheperre Setepenre (Smendes I) (c.1070-1043) Nephercheres (Neferkare-hekawise Amenemnisu Meramun (c.1043-1039) Psusennes I Akheperre Setepenamun (c.1039-1000) Amenemope Usimare Setepenamun (c.1000-991) Osorkon the elder (Osochor) (c.991-985) Psinaches (c.985-976) Psusennes II Titkheprure (c.976-962) Siamun Nutekheperre Setepenamun Siamun Meramun (c.962-945) | |||
| 22nd Dynasty Bubastite | c.945-730 BCE | ||
| Sheshonq I Hedjkheperre Setepenre (c.945-924) Osorkon I Sekhemkheperre Setepenre (c.924–889) Sheshonq II Hekakheperre Setepenre (ca. 890) Takelot I Usimare (c.889–874) Osorkon II Usimare Setepenamun (c.874–850) Harsiese (ca. 865) Takelot II Hedjkheperre Setepenre (c.850–825) Sheshonq III Usimare Setepenamun (c.825–773) Pamai (c.773–767) Sheshonq V Akheperre (c.767–730) Osorkon IV (c.730–712) | |||
| 23rd Dynasty Tanite | c.817-730 BCE | ||
| Pedibastet Meriamen Usermaatre Setepenre(c.818–793) Iuput I (ca. 800) Sheshonq IV Usermaatre Meriamen (c.793–787) Osorkon III Usermaatre Setepenamen (c.787–759) Takelot III Usermaatre (c.764–757) Rudamon Usermaatre Setepenamen (c.757–754) Iuput II Meriamen sibastet Usermaatre (c.754–712) Nimlot (ca. 740) Peftjauabastet Nefer-ka-re (c.740–725) Thutemhat (ca. 720) Pedinemti (ca. 700) | |||
| 24th Dynasty | c.720-714 BCE | ||
| Shepsesre Tefnakht (c.724-717) Wahkare Bakenrenef (c.717-712) | |||
| 25th Dynasty | 747-656 BCE | ||
| Piye Usimare Sneferre (Piankhi) (747-716) Shabaka Neferkare Wahibre (716-702) Shebitku Djedkaure Menkheperre (702-689) Taharka Khunefertemr (689-663) Tanutamun Bakare (663-656) | |||
| Late Dynastic Period | 664-332 BCE | ||
| 26th Dynasty | 664-525 BCE | ||
| Necho I (664-656) Psammetic I Wahemibre Psamtek (656-609) Necho II Wahemibre Neko (609-594) Psammetic II Neferibre Psamtek (594-587) Wahibre (Haaibre) (Apries) (587-569) Ahmose II Khnemibre (Amasis) (569-526) Psammetic III Ankhkaenre (526) | |||
| 27th Dynasty | 525-404 BCE | ||
| Cambyses II (525-522) Darius I (521-486) Xerxes (486-465) Artaxerxes I (465-424) Darius II (423-405) Artaxerxes II (405-359) | |||
| 28th Dynasty | 404-399 BCE | ||
| Amenirdis (Amyrtaeus) (404-399) | |||
| 29th Dynasty | 399-380 BCE | ||
| Nefaarud I (Nepherites I) (399-393) Psammuthis Userre Setepenptah Pasherienmut (ca. 392) Hakor Khnemmaere Setpenkhnum (Achoris) (392-380) Nefaarud II (Nepherites II) (380) | |||
| 30th Dynasty | 380-343 BCE | ||
| Nakhtnebef Kheperkare (Nectanebo I) (380-362) Djedhor (362-360) Nekhtharehbe Snedjemibre Setpenanhur (Nectanebo II) (360-343) | |||
| 31st Dynasty | 343-332 BCE | ||
| Artaxerxes III (343-338) Arses (338-336) Darius III (336-332) | |||
| The Graeco-Roman Period | |||
| Macedonian Kings | |||
| Alexander the Great (332-323) Philip III Arrhidaeus (323-317) Alexander IV Aegus (317-311) | |||
| Ptolemaic Dynasty | 323-30 BCE | ||
| Ptolemy I Soter (305-282) Ptolemy II Philadelphus (284-246) Arsinoe II (278-270) Ptolemy III Euergetes I (246-222) Bernice II (246-221) Ptolemy IV Philopator (222-205) Ptolemy V Epiphanes (205-180) Harwennefer (205-199) Ankhwennefer (199-186) Cleopatra I (194-176) Ptolemy VI Philometor (180-164) Cleopatra II (175-115) Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (164-145) Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (145) Cleopatra III (142-101) Ptolemy IX Soter II (116-80) Ptolemy X Alexander I (107-88) Ptolemy XI Alexander II (80) Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (80-51) Queen Bernice IV (58-55) Ptolemy XIII (51-47) Queen Cleopatra VII (51-30) Ptolemy XIV (47-44) Ptolemy XV (44-30) Footnotes: [1] "An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling" accessed at http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/469/2159/20130395 on 7th September 2013 | |||
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