reyladerAHISTORY2016: PHIL HISTORY

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22815/22815-h/22815-h.htm#d0e26368

Trade of the Islands from Early Times

Its early history. Its State galleons. 243
The Consulado merchants. The Mexican subsidy. 244
In the days of the Mexican galleons. The Obras Pias. 245
Losses of the treasure-laden galleons. Trade difficulties. 246
The period of restrictions on trade. Prohibitory decrees. 248
The Manila merchants alarmed; appeal to the King. 249
Penalties on free-traders. Trading friars. The budget for 1757. 250
Decline of trade. Spanish trading-company failures. 252
The Real Compañia de Filipinas; its privileges and failure. 253
The dawn of free trade. Foreign traders admitted. 254
Manila port, unrestrictedly open to foreigners (1834), becomes known to the world. 256[xiv]
Pioneers of foreign trade. Foreign and Philippine banks. 257
The Spanish-Philippine currency. Mexican-dollar smuggling. 259
Ports of Zamboanga, Yloilo, Cebú, and Sual opened to foreign trade. 261
Mail service. Carrying-trade. Middlemen. Native industries. 263
The first Philippine Railway. Telegraph service. Seclusion of the Colony. 265

Chapter XVI
Agriculture

Interest on loans to farmers. Land values and tenure in Luzon Island. 269
Sugar-cane lands and cultivation. Land-measures. 271
Process of sugar-extraction. Labour conditions on sugar-estates. 273
Sugar statistics. Worldʼs production of cane and beet sugar. 275
Rice. Rice-measure. Rice machinery; husking; pearling; statistics. 276
Macan and Paga rice. Rice planting and trading. 278

Chapter XVII
Manila Hemp—Coffee—Tobacco

Musa textilis. Extraction and uses of the fibre. Machinery. 281
Hemp experiments in British India. Cultivation. Qualities. 283
Labour difficulties. Statistics. Albay province (local) land-measure. 286
Coffee. Coffee dealing and cultivation. 289
Tobacco. The Government Tobacco Monopoly. 292
Tobacco-growing by compulsory labour. Condition of the growers. 294
Tobacco Monopoly abolished. Free trade in tobacco. 296
Tobacco-trading risks; qualities; districts. Cigar values. 299

Chapter XVIII
Sundry Forest and Farm Produce

Maize. Cacao-beans. Chocolate. 300
Cacao cultivation. Castor oil. Gogo. 302
Camote. Gabi. Potatoes. Mani (pea-nut). Areca-nut. Buyo. 303
Cocoanuts. Extraction of Tuba (beverage). 304
Cocoanut-oil extraction. Coprah. Coir. 305
Nipa palm. Cogon-grass. Cotton-tree. 307
Buri palm. Ditá. Palma brava. Bamboo. 308
Bojo. Bejuco (Rattan-cane). Palásan (Bush-rope). 310
Gum mastic. Gutta-percha. Wax. Cinnamon. Edible Birdʼs-nest. 311
Balate (Trepang). Sapan-wood. Tree-saps. 312
Hardwoods; varieties and qualities. 313
Molave wood tensile and transverse experiments. 315
Relative strengths of hardwoods. Timber trade. 317
Fruits; the Mango; the Banana; the Papaw, etc. 318
Guavas; Pineapples; Tamarinds; the Mabolo. 320
Sundry vegetable produce. Flowers. 321[xv]
Botanical specimens—curious and beautiful. Orchids. 322
Firewoods; Locust beans; Amor seco. 324
Botanical names given to islands, towns etc. 324
Medicinal herbs, roots, leaves and barks. Perfumes. 325

Chapter XIX
Mineral Products

Coal import. Coal-mining ventures. 326
Comparative analyses of coal. 328
Gold-mining ventures. The Paracale and Mambulao mines. 329
Iron-mining ventures. Failures, poverty and suicide. 332
Copper. Marble. Stone. Gypsum. Sulphur. Mineral oil. 334

Chapter XX
Domestic Live-stock—Ponies, Buffaloes, Etc.

Ponies. Horses. Buffaloes (carabaos). 336
Donkeys. Mules. Sheep. Fish. Insects. Reptiles. Snakes. 338
Butterflies. White ants. Bats. Deer. Wild boars. 340
Fowls. Birds. The Locust plague. Edible insects. 341

Chapter XXI
Manila Under Spanish Rule

The fortified city. The moats. The drawbridges. 343
Public buildings in the city. The port in construction. 344
Manila Bay. Corregidor Island and Marivéles. 345
The Pasig River. Public lighting. Tondo suburb. 346
Binondo suburb. Chinese and native artificers. 347
Easter week. The vehicle traffic. 348
The Theatres. The Carrillo. The “Moro Moro” performance. 349
The bull-ring. Annual feasts. Cock-fighting. 350
European club. Hotels. The Press. Spanish journalism. 351
Botanical gardens. Dwelling-houses. 353
Manila society. Water-supply. Climate. 354
Population of the Islands in 1845; of Manila in 1896. 355
Typhoons and earthquakes affecting Manila. 356
Dress of both sexes. A “first-class” funeral. 357
Excursions from Manila. Los Baños. 359
The story of Los Baños and Jalajala. The legend of Guadalupe Church. 360

Chapter XXII
The Tagálog Rebellion of 1896–98
First Period

The Córtes de Cadiz. Philippine deputies in the Peninsula. 362
The Assembly of Reformists. Effect of the Cavite Rising of 1872. 363[xvi]
Official acts conducive to rebellion. The Katipunan League. 364
Arrest of prominent Filipinos. The first overt act of rebellion. 366
War commences. The Battle of San Juan del Monte. 368
Execution of Sancho Valenzuela and others. 369
Andrés Bonifacio heads the movement. He is superseded by Emilio Aguinaldo. 370
Imus (Cavite) is captured by the rebels. The history of Imus. 372
Atrocities of the rebels. Rebel victory at Binacayan. 373
Execution of 13 rebels in Cavite. The rebel chief Llaneras in Bulacan. 374
Volunteers are enrolled. Tragedy at Fort Santiago; cartloads of corpses. 375
A court-martial cabal. Gov.-General Blanco is recalled. 376
The rebels destroy a part of the railway. They threaten an assault on Manila. 377
General Camilo Polavieja succeeds Blanco as Gov.-General. 378
General Lachambre, the Liberator of Cavite. Polavieja returns to Spain. 379
Dr. José Rizal, the Philippine ideal patriot; his career and hopes. 381
His return to Manila; banishment, liberation, re-arrest, and execution. 383
The love-romance of Dr. José Rizalʼs life. 387
General Primo de Rivera succeeds Polavieja as Gov.-General. 389
The Gov.-General decrees concentration; its bad effect. 391
The rebels define their demands in an exhortation to the people. 392
Emilio Aguinaldo now claims independence. 394
Don Pedro A. Paterno acts as peace negotiator. 395
The Protocol of Peace between the Rebels and the Gov.-General. 396
The alleged Treaty of Biac-na-bató (Dec. 14, 1897). 397
The Primo de Rivera-Paterno agreement as to indemnity payment. 398
Emilio Aguinaldo in exile. Peace rejoicings. Spain defaults. 399
The rebel chiefs being in exile, the people are goaded to fresh revolt. 400
The tragedy of the Calle de Camba. Cebú Island rises in revolt. 401
The Cebuánosʼ raid on Cebú City; Lutao in flames; piles of corpses. 402
Exciting adventures of American citizens. Heartrending scenes in Cebú City. 404
Rajahmudah Datto Mandi visits Cebú. Rebels in Bolinao (Zambales). 406
Relief of Bolinao. Father Santos of Malolos is murdered. 408
The peacemaker states his views on the reward he expects from Spain. 409
Don Máximo Paterno, the Philippine “Grand Old Man”. 411
Biographical sketch of his son, Don Pedro A. Paterno. 411
General Basilio Augusti succeeds Primo de Rivera as Gov.-General. 413
The existence of a Peace Treaty with the rebels is denied in the Spanish Cortés. 414

Chapter XXIII
The Tagálog Rebellion of 1896–98
Second Period
American Intervention

Events leading to the Spanish-American War (April–Aug., 1898). 417
Events preliminary to the naval Battle of Cavite (May 1, 1898). 419
Aspirations of the Revolutionary Party. 420
Revolutionary exhortation denouncing Spain. 421
Allocution of the Archbishop of Madrid to the Spanish army. 423
Gov.-General Basilio Augusti issues a call to arms. 424[xvii]
His proclamation declaring a state of war with America. 425
War in the Islands approaching. Flight of non-combatants. 426
The naval Battle of Cavite. Destruction of the Spanish Fleet. 427
The Stars and Stripes hoisted at Cavite. 429
The first news of the naval defeat raises panic in Madrid. 431
Emilio Aguinaldo returns from exile to Cavite (May 19, 1898). 432
Revolutionary exhortation to the people to aid America. 433
In the beleaguered city of Manila. German attitude. 434
The merchantsʼ harvest. Run on the Banco Español-Filipino. 435
General Aguinaldo becomes Dictator. Filipinos congratulate America. 436
Conditions in and around Manila. Señor Paternoʼs pro-Spanish Manifesto. 438
The revolutionistsʼ refutation of Señor Paternoʼs manifesto. 440
General Monetʼs terrible southward march with refugees. 445
Terror-stricken refugeesʼ flight for life. The Macabebes. 446
The Revolutionary Government proclaimed. Statutes of Constitution. 448
Message of the Revolutionary President accompanying the proclamation. 454
The Revolutionistsʼ appeal to the Powers for recognition. 457
Spain makes peace overtures to America. The Protocol of Peace. 458
The Americans prepare for the attack on Manila. 460
The Americans again demand the surrender of Manila. 461
The Americansʼ attack on Manila (Aug. 13, 1898). 462
Spainʼs blood-sacrifice for “the honour of the country”. 464
Capitulation of Manila to the Americans (Aug. 14, 1898). 465
The Americansʼ first measures of administration in Manila. 467
Trade resumed. Liberty of the Press. Malolos (Bulacan) the rebel capital. 468
General Aguinaldoʼs triumphal entry into Malolos. 470
The Paris Peace Commission (Oct.-Dec., 1898). 471
Peace concluded in Paris between America and Spain (Dec. 10, 1898). 472
Innovations in Manila customs. Spanish government in Visayas. 473
Strained relations between the rebels and the Americans. 475
Rebels attack the Spaniards in Visayas. The Spaniards evacuate the Visayas. 476
The end of Spanish rule. The rebelsʼ disagreement. 478
Text of the Treaty of Peace between America and Spain. 479

Chapter XXIV
An Outline of the War of Independence Period, 1899–1901

Insurgents prepare for the coming conflict. 484
Anti-American manifesto. The Philippine Republic. 486
The war begins; the opening shot. Battle of Paco. 487
Fighting around Manila; Gagalanging. Manila in flames. 489
Battle of Marilao. Capture of Malolos, the insurgent capital. 490
Proclamation of American intentions. Santa Cruz (La Laguna) captured. 493
Effect of the war on public opinion in America. 495
Insurgent defeat. Calumpit captured. Insurgents ask for an armistice. 496
Insurgent tactics. General Lawton in Cavite. 499
Violent death of General Antonio Luna. 501
General Aguinaldoʼs manifesto; his pathetic allusion to the past. 502[xviii]
Insurgents destroy the s.s. Saturnus. Death of General Lawton. 503
War on the wane. Many chiefs surrender. 505
Partial disbandment of the insurgent army urged by hunger. 506
Capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo (March 23, 1901). 507
He swears allegiance to America. His home at Canit (Cavite Viejo). 509

Chapter XXV
The Philippine Republic in the Central and Southern Islands

The Spaniards evacuate Yloilo (Dec., 1898). Native Government there. 511
General Miller demands the surrender of Yloilo. The Panay army. 512
Riotous insurgent soldiery. Flight of civilians. 513
The Yloilo native Government discusses the crisis in open assembly. 514
Mob riot. Yloilo in flames. Looting, anarchy, and terrorism. 515
Bombardment of Yloilo. The American forces enter and the insurgents vanish. 516
Surrender of insurgent leaders. Peace overtures. “Water-cure”. 517
Formal surrender of the Panay army remnant at Jaro (Feb. 2, 1901). 518
Yloilo town. Native Government in Negros Island. Peaceful settlement. 519
An armed rabble overruns Negros Island. 521
Native Government in Cebú Island. American occupation of Cebú City. 522
Cebuáno insurgents on the warpath. Peace signed with Cebuános. 524
Reformed government in Cebú Island. Cebú City. 526
American occupation of Bojol Island. Insurgent rising quelled. 528
Native Government in Cottabato. Slaughter of the Christians. 529
The Spaniardsʼ critical position in Zamboanga (Mindanao Is.). 531
Rival factions and anarchy in Zamboanga. Opportune American advent. 532
The Rajahmudah Datto Maudi. Zamboanga town. 534
Sámar and Marinduque Islands under native leaders. 535
Slaughter of American officers and troops at Balangiga (Sámar Is.). 536

Chapter XXVI
The Spanish Prisoners

The approximate number of Spanish prisoners and their treatment. 537
The Spanish Governmentʼs dilemma in the matter of the prisoners. 538
Why the prisoners were detained. Baron Du Maraisʼ ill-fated mission. 539
Further efforts to obtain their release. The captors state their terms. 541
Discussions between Generals E. S. Otis and Nicolás Jaramillo. 542
The Spanish commissionersʼ ruse to obtain the prisonersʼ release fails. 543
The end of the Spaniardsʼ captivity. 544

Chapter XXVII
End of the War of Independence and After

The last of the recognized insurgent leaders. Notorious outlaws. 545
Apolinario Mabini. Brigands of the old and of the new type. 546
Ferocity of the new caste of brigands. 548[xix]
The Montalón and Felizardo outlaw bands. 549
The “Guards of Honour.” The Pulaján in gloomy Sámar. 550
Army and Constabulary Statistics. Insurgent navy. 553
Sedition. Seditious plays. 554
Landownership is conducive to social tranquillity. 555

Chapter XXVIII
Modern Manila

Innovations under American rule. 556
Clubs. Theatres. Hotels. “Saloons.” The Walled City. 558
The Insular Government. Feast-days. Municipality. 560
Emoluments of high officials. The Schurman Commission. 561
The Taft Commission. The “Philippines for the Filipinos” doctrine. 563
The Philippine Civil Service. Civil government established. 565
Constabulary. Secret Police. The Vagrant Act. 567
Army strength. Military Division. Scout Corps. 569

Chapter XXIX
The Land of the Moros

The Bates Agreement with the Sultan of Sulu. 571
The warlike Dattos and their clansmen. 573
Captain Pershingʼs brilliant exploits around Lake Lanao. 574
Storming the Cottas. American pluck. 575
American policy in Moroland. Maj.-General Leonard Wood. 576
Constitution of the Moro Province. 577
Municipalities. Tribal Wards. Moro Province finances. 578
Moro Province armed forces. Gen. Woodʼs victory at Kudaran͠gan. 580
Datto Pedro Cuevas of Basílan Island. His career. 582
General Wood in Sulu Island. Panglima Hassan. Major H. L. Scott. 584
Major Hugh L. Scott vanquishes Panglima Hassan. A bichâra. 585
Joló town. H.H. The Sultan of Sulu. 587
American policy towards the Moro chiefs. 588
The Manguiguinʼs eventful visit to Zamboanga. 589
Education and progress in the Moro Province. 591
What the Moro Province needs. The prospect therein. 592

Chapter XXX
The Spanish Friars, After 1898

Free cult. Causes of the anti-friar feeling. 594
Attitude of the Philippine clergy. Monsignor Chapelle. 596
The question of the friarsʼ lands. American view. 597
The American Government negotiates with the Holy See. 599
The Popeʼs contrary view of the friarsʼ case. 600
The friarsʼ-lands purchase. The approximate acreage. Monsignor Guidi. 601[xx]
The anti-friar feeling diminishes. The Philippine Independent Church. 602
The head of the Philippine Independent Church throws off allegiance to the Pope. 604
Conflict between Catholics and Schismatics. 606
Aglipayan doctrine. Native clergy. Monsignor Agius. 607
American education. The Normal School. The Nautical School. 608
The School for Chinese. The Spanish Schools. 610
The English language for Orientals. Native politics. 611
The Philippine Assembly. The cry for “independence”. 612
The native interpretation of the term “Protection”. 613
Capacity for self-government. Population. Benguet road. 614
Census Statistics. Regulations affecting foreign travellers. 616
Administration of justice. Provincial Courts. Justices of the peace. 618