HISTORY OUTLINE 8 GREEK AND PERSISIANS

Greece and Persia-The Conflict

Xerxes Defeated
In 480 BCE, the Great King-Xerxes, launched a massive invasion of Greece. He invaded with 700 warships and 150,000 troops.

An allegiance of 40 poleis unified in an effort to defeat Xerxes. Under the leadership of Sparta, the Persians were thwarted at Thermopylae, and the Athenians defeated the Persian navy.
The Greek Encounter with Persia 

Cyrus the Great : Ascends the Persian throne ca. 550 BCE. He first conquered Anatolia in 546 BCE,The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius Iprimarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revoltagainst Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier.

The first campaign in 492 BC, led by Mardonius, re-subjugatedThrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate client kingdom part of Persia, after being a vassal to Persia as early as the late 6th century BC.^[1] However, further progress was prevented when Mardonius's fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Mount Athos. The following year, having demonstrated his intentions, Darius sent ambassadors to all parts of Greece, demanding their submission. He received it from almost all of them, except Athens and Sparta, both of whom executed the ambassadors. With Athens still defiant, and Sparta now effectively at war with him, Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year.

The second campaign, in 490 BC, was under the command ofDatis and Artaphernes. The expedition headed first to the islandNaxos, which it captured and burnt. It then island-hopped between the rest of the Cycladic Islands, annexing each into the Persian empire. Reaching Greece, the expedition landed at Eretria, which it besieged, and after a brief time, captured. Eretria was razed and its citizens enslaved. Finally, the task force headed to Attica, landing at Marathon, en route for Athens. There, it was met by a smaller Athenian army, which nevertheless proceeded to win a remarkable victory at the Battle of Marathon.

This defeat prevented the successful conclusion of the campaign, and the task force returned to Asia. Nevertheless, the expedition had fulfilled most of its aims, punishing Naxos and Eretria, and bringing much of the Aegean under Persian rule, as well as the full inclusion of Macedon. The unfinished business from this campaign led Darius to prepare for a much larger invasion of Greece, to firmly subjugate it, and to punish Athens and Sparta. However, internal strife within the empire delayed this expedition, and Darius then died of old age. It was thus left to his son Xerxes I to lead thesecond Persian invasion of Greece, beginning in 480 BC