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A.P. world history course outline: Strayer
chapter 1 outlinechapter 2 outlinechapter 3 outlinechapter 4 outlinechapter 5 outlinechapter 6 outlinechapter 7 outlinechapter 8 outlinechapter 9 outlinechapter 10 outlinechapter 11 outlinechapter 12 outlinechapter 13 outlinechapter 14 outlinechapter 15 outlinechapter 16 outlinechapter 17 outlinechapter 18 outlinechapter 19 outlinechapter 20 outlinechapter 21 outlinechapter 22 outlinechapter 23 outlinechapter 24 outline
Chapter 19 Outline
Use this annotated chapter outline to review the major topics covered in this chapter. Return to skim any sections that seem unfamiliar. Then test your understanding of the chapter by selecting the quizzes and short-answer activities included in this Online Study Guide.
I. Opening Vignette
A. Japanese history textbooks became controversial around 2000, with the Chinese expressing outrage over what they regarded as a whitewashing of Japanese offenses against China.
1. the controversy reflects Japan’s surprising rise to world importance, which started in the mid-nineteenth century
2. both Japan and China had to face the threat of European dominance
B. Most peoples of Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America had to deal in some way with European imperialism.
1. they also had to deal with internal problems and challenges
C. This chapter focuses on societies that faced internal crises while maintaining formal independence.
D. Four main dimensions of European imperialism confronted these societies:
1. military might and political ambitions of rival European states
2. involvement in a new world economy that radiated from Europe
3. influence of aspects of traditional European culture (e.g., language, religion, literature)
4. engagement with the culture of modernity
II. The External Challenge: European Industry and Empire
A. The nineteenth century was Europe’s greatest age of global expansion.
1. became the center of the world economy
2. millions of Europeans moved to regions beyond Europe
3. explorers and missionaries reached nearly everywhere
4. much of the world became part of European colonies
B. New Motives, New Means
1. the Industrial Revolution fueled much of Europe’s expansion
a. demand for raw materials and agricultural products
b. need for markets to sell European products
c. European capitalists often invested money abroad
d. foreign markets kept workers within Europe employed
2. growth of mass nationalism in Europe made imperialism broadly popular
a. Italy and Germany unified by 1871
b. colonies were a status symbol
3. industrial-age developments made overseas expansion possible
a. steamships
b. underwater telegraph
c. quinine
d. breech-loading rifles and machine guns
C. New Perceptions of the “Other”
1. in the past, Europeans had largely defined others in religious terms
a. but had also adopted many foreign ideas and techniques
b. mingled more freely with Asian and African elites
c. had even seen technologically simple peoples at times as “noble savages”
2. the industrial age promoted a secular arrogance among Europeans
a. was sometimes combined with a sense of religious superiority
b. Europeans increasingly despised other cultures
c. African societies lost status
i. earlier: were regarded as nations, their leaders as kings
ii. nineteenth century: became tribes led by chiefs in European eyes
d. new kind of racism, expressed in terms of modern science
i. scientific “proof” of some peoples’ inferiority
ii. creation of a hierarchy of races
iii. view of race as determining intelligence, moral development, and destiny
iv. view that inferior peoples threatened Europeans with their diseases
3. sense of responsibility to the “weaker races”
a. duty to civilize them
b. bringing them education, health care, Christianity, good government, etc., was regarded as “progress” and “civilization”
4. social Darwinism: an effort to apply Darwin’s evolutionary theory to human history
a. regarded as inevitable that the “unfit” races should be displaced or destroyed
III. Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis
A. In 1793, the Chinese emperor Qianlong rebuffed Britain’s request that China rescind or loosen restrictions on trade.
1. Chinese authorities had controlled and limited European activities for centuries
2. by 1912, Chinese empire had collapsed, became a weak junior member in European-dominated world
B. The Crisis Within
1. China was, to a large degree, the victim of its own success
a. population had grown from about 100 million in 1685 to some 430 million in 1853
b. but China didn’t have an accompanying Industrial Revolution
c. growing pressure on the land, impoverishment, starvation
2. Chinese bureaucracy did not keep pace with growing population
a. by 1800, county magistrates had to deal with four times as many people as in 1400
b. central state gradually lost control of provincial officials and gentry
i. corruption became endemic
ii. harsh treatment of peasants
3. bandit gangs and peasant rebellions became common
a. charismatic figures preached a millenarian message
4. culmination of China’s internal crisis: the Taiping Uprising
a. affected much of China 1850–1864
b. leader Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace”
Use this annotated chapter outline to review the major topics covered in this chapter. Return to skim any sections that seem unfamiliar. Then test your understanding of the chapter by selecting the quizzes and short-answer activities included in this Online Study Guide.
I. Opening Vignette
A. Japanese history textbooks became controversial around 2000, with the Chinese expressing outrage over what they regarded as a whitewashing of Japanese offenses against China.
1. the controversy reflects Japan’s surprising rise to world importance, which started in the mid-nineteenth century
2. both Japan and China had to face the threat of European dominance
B. Most peoples of Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America had to deal in some way with European imperialism.
1. they also had to deal with internal problems and challenges
C. This chapter focuses on societies that faced internal crises while maintaining formal independence.
D. Four main dimensions of European imperialism confronted these societies:
1. military might and political ambitions of rival European states
2. involvement in a new world economy that radiated from Europe
3. influence of aspects of traditional European culture (e.g., language, religion, literature)
4. engagement with the culture of modernity
II. The External Challenge: European Industry and Empire
A. The nineteenth century was Europe’s greatest age of global expansion.
1. became the center of the world economy
2. millions of Europeans moved to regions beyond Europe
3. explorers and missionaries reached nearly everywhere
4. much of the world became part of European colonies
B. New Motives, New Means
1. the Industrial Revolution fueled much of Europe’s expansion
a. demand for raw materials and agricultural products
b. need for markets to sell European products
c. European capitalists often invested money abroad
d. foreign markets kept workers within Europe employed
2. growth of mass nationalism in Europe made imperialism broadly popular
a. Italy and Germany unified by 1871
b. colonies were a status symbol
3. industrial-age developments made overseas expansion possible
a. steamships
b. underwater telegraph
c. quinine
d. breech-loading rifles and machine guns
C. New Perceptions of the “Other”
1. in the past, Europeans had largely defined others in religious terms
a. but had also adopted many foreign ideas and techniques
b. mingled more freely with Asian and African elites
c. had even seen technologically simple peoples at times as “noble savages”
2. the industrial age promoted a secular arrogance among Europeans
a. was sometimes combined with a sense of religious superiority
b. Europeans increasingly despised other cultures
c. African societies lost status
i. earlier: were regarded as nations, their leaders as kings
ii. nineteenth century: became tribes led by chiefs in European eyes
d. new kind of racism, expressed in terms of modern science
i. scientific “proof” of some peoples’ inferiority
ii. creation of a hierarchy of races
iii. view of race as determining intelligence, moral development, and destiny
iv. view that inferior peoples threatened Europeans with their diseases
3. sense of responsibility to the “weaker races”
a. duty to civilize them
b. bringing them education, health care, Christianity, good government, etc., was regarded as “progress” and “civilization”
4. social Darwinism: an effort to apply Darwin’s evolutionary theory to human history
a. regarded as inevitable that the “unfit” races should be displaced or destroyed
III. Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of Crisis
A. In 1793, the Chinese emperor Qianlong rebuffed Britain’s request that China rescind or loosen restrictions on trade.
1. Chinese authorities had controlled and limited European activities for centuries
2. by 1912, Chinese empire had collapsed, became a weak junior member in European-dominated world
B. The Crisis Within
1. China was, to a large degree, the victim of its own success
a. population had grown from about 100 million in 1685 to some 430 million in 1853
b. but China didn’t have an accompanying Industrial Revolution
c. growing pressure on the land, impoverishment, starvation
2. Chinese bureaucracy did not keep pace with growing population
a. by 1800, county magistrates had to deal with four times as many people as in 1400
b. central state gradually lost control of provincial officials and gentry
i. corruption became endemic
ii. harsh treatment of peasants
3. bandit gangs and peasant rebellions became common
a. charismatic figures preached a millenarian message
4. culmination of China’s internal crisis: the Taiping Uprising
a. affected much of China 1850–1864
b. leader Hong Xiuquan (1814–1864) proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace”
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